Public Policy Issue in Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Policy Issue in Healthcare - Assignment Example The greatest impediment to the efforts to create a healthy society is the high cost of healthcare services in the country (Bryant, 2009). The high cost of health care casts a substantial number of people to premature deaths thereby subjecting millions of children to poor living conditions in the absence of their parents. The government acknowledges the problem and has since enacted a number of policies including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), or Affordable Care Act (ACA). The challenges the legislation continues to prove the importance of costs in seeking high-quality health care services there showing the need for a lasting resolution of the problem of high costs as the research report below investigates. Health is an integral issue in any economy. The health of a society influences the stability of the government while safeguarding the future of the population. The government must, therefore, seek to address the problems facing the community in relation to health care. So far, the high cost of managing some of the leading causes of death in the country such as cancer and heart diseases has proven to be a major factor that continues to frustrate the population. As such, the government should formulate realistic policies that enable the population to access high-quality health care services. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is such a legislation that introduces a way for the citizens to afford high-quality services. However, the act has faced immense criticism and objection from politicians. The Congress among other organs of the government should strive to amend the law

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as Essay

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as has Los Angeles - Essay Example Seemingly, the nature and design of its city has adopted similar trends. To a large extent, its distinctive features are reflective of the auto-culture that the respective society has assumed. To begin with, the land use practices in the city of Los Angeles underscore the fact that the locals place great emphasis on the use of vehicles. In this respect, Bottles indicates that the central business district of Los Angeles has allocated up to 79% of its total area to packing facilities, garages and streets (Bottles 33). These facilities imply that a significant percentage of the inhabitants use vehicles. The sidewalks on the other hand have shrunk significantly as very few pedestrians use them. Certainly, the high use of automobiles greatly influences the urban land use decisions that are developed, implemented and enforced by the relevant authorities. Another indicator of automobile dominance in Los Angeles pertains to the increase of traffic congestion in the region. Transport and urban reports of this nation cite traffic congestion as one of the main problems that Los Angeles is currently grappling with. Although intervention measures such as improvement and expansion of the road system network have been undertaken in the recent past, the problem still persists. Relevant authorities are still taking measures to address this issue through construction of more freeways. Comparatively, these require less space than the current road network structure. The emergence and flourishing of relative automobile industries is also indicative of increasing dominance of the automobile culture. In this respect, Bottles indicates that gas stations have increased significantly, repair and auto parts stores and several other automobile dealership has increased (Bottles 47). This trend ascertains that the population greatly values the automobile. These seek to respond to the increasing and changing needs of the users. To a great extent, this also seeks to offer new

English Composition Phase 4 Essay Example for Free

English Composition Phase 4 Essay The essay is â€Å"formatted on a paper which is 8. 5 x 11 inches in size† (Driscoll, 2007). The margin on top, bottom, left, and right is set to one inch (Driscoll, 2007). It should have a title page which consists of the following: â€Å"a running head for publication, title, byline, as well as, affiliation† (Driscoll, 2007). The page numbers are â€Å"written in the upper right-hand corner of each page† (Driscoll, 2007). Abstracts, headings, and visuals should be made available as well (Driscoll, 2007). Components of an APA Paper  The following are the components of an APA paper: â€Å"1) name of author; 2) date of publication; 3) title; and 4) publication information† (Minnesota School of Business, 2006). With regards to that name of the author, the last name is written first followed by a comma and the initials of the first and middle name (if middle name is provided), but if the work has no author indicated in it, place the title instead and then the date, and if authors indicated are more than three, state the first author’s name and followed by this: â€Å"et. l. † (Minnesota School of Business, 2006). Moreover, with regards to the date of publication, specify the year; however, if there is no date indicated, just place â€Å"n. d. † (Minnesota School of Business, 2006). Furthermore, with regards to the title, just write it as is whether it is a book, journal, or a magazine (Minnesota School of Business, 2006). Finally, with regards to the â€Å"publication information†: if the reference is a book, then the place of publication, as well as, the publisher should be included; if it is a periodical then include the place of publication, the publisher, the volume number, the issue number, as well as, the pages; and if it is a website then indicate the website address (Minnesota School of Business, 2006).

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay In this running era of technology, the technology of communication is increasing day by day. The communication networks plays important role to send any information like file or printer sharing, video streaming and voice conferencing etc and these days internet is the best medium to share information remotely and allow people to communicate, collaborate and interact with each other. All this information is managed by communication networks in which Routing Protocols are used to transfer information or packets across internet. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created Routing Protocols by which network is control and able to communicate with each other around world. The main job of Router is to provide best path to packet from source to destination by using various metrics values leading to many different properties of path and then calculated the best path for packet to reach destination in network. The numbers of Routing Protocols are available to manage the network or to connect multiple networks. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most commonly known protocol among all of them and In this thesis two most widely used protocols of intra Domain Routing Protocols will be analysed, which are Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol where as EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary Interior Gateway routing protocol via Distance Vector Protocols and OSPF routing protocol is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing protocol and also consider important protocol for real time applications. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsCISCO1841.jpg Fig1[14] C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsnetworking-router.jpgFig 2[15] Aims and Objectives All routing protocols have different performance in the network so its important to choose the right one for your network and this selection can be done on the basis of network scalibilty, convergence time and bandwidth requirements. In this Project EIGRP and OSPF Routing Protocols are chosen and the comparitive anaysis of these two protocols in real-time trafic will be take place in different senario and evaluating which protocol will give best route real-time trafic. Further in this project, different routing protocols will be discuss as their features and properties and theoritical and simulation analyse will be done with quantative metrics. The Cisco Proprietary EIGRP is based on Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) and its cost is calculated on the basis of delay and bandwidth [3] . on other hand OSPF routing protocol work on the bases of DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM or Shortest Path First (SPF) and the calculation of its cost is based on bandwidth [4]. These protocols uses different algorithm to route the trafic and this can be vary in convergence time and route proccessing delay according to their calculation so this can effect the network performance. To find out which protocol have better performance in large or small network, three different network models will be designed by EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols repectively by network simulator. 1.2 Project Methodology In this project two routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be analyse in by three methods:- A network model will be designed with EIGRP and simulation will be done in Cisco Packet Tracer and results will be observed. On the same designed network, OSPF will be impliment and performance will be recorded. And in the last same designed network will be impliment by both OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols to simulate the performance of real-time trafic. Routing Protocols Background Routing Protocols in IP networks are important to transfer data or any packet on time and responsible for sending packets to correct destination address and also these Routing Protocols are intelligent enough to select right information from relevant source and forwarding to destination node via one-hop or multi hop. Routing Protocols in router creates routing table by collecting information from the neighbour router which helps router to calculate the best path to forward the packet. All routing protocols are usually works on layer 3 (network layer). There are many classifications of Routing Protocols for example Static routing, dynamic routing and Link-State routing protocols further classes distance vector routing protocols, RIP, VSLM and CIDR, EIGRP and OSPF. Also these protocols help to build other network communication protocols for example wireless ad-hoc networks and mesh wireless networks and many other. The network in Internet is highly dynamic that is why its protocols are equally dynamic, among all Routing Protocols EIGRP and OSPF are two widely used protocols and both comes under dynamic routing protocols, in which EIGRP is based on Interior Gateway Routing Protocols and also EIGRP contains new features by which the market potential is expanded. OSPF is also Interior Gateway Routing protocol and works on Link-state and (SPF) Shortest Path First technology. Thanks to these routing protocol technology which increases and helped in improving the communication in such a perfect and correct way around the world. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentshomepage.jpgFig 3 [16] Overall Routing There are many routing protocols by which routers in different networks are able to communicate with each other with different properties. The following properties will provide overall view of Routing, what properties do router use and why. Desirable Properties of Routing Loop: While providing route for packet to reach destination, routing protocol are responsible to provide loop free route in network which results as low bandwidth used during process and can be used efficiently. Demand Based Operation: The demand based operation means that protocol should provide only the information when requested by node which helps to save the valuable resources used in network. Convergence: Convergence is basically occurrence of two or more things coming together, when ever link changes router automatically notice the change and process the update by calculating the new route and also forward the updated table. Convergence is totally depends on the routing protocols if convergence occurs in network it can result in bad route calculation or may drop the packet or time out. So the routing protocol should converge as fast as possible. Security: All protocols used in routing must ensure that the packets are transmitted with security to chosen destination. Multiple Routes: Routing protocols are responsible to provide multiple routes for the packets to reach its destination from its routing table when selected link by the routers fails or if there is any congestion on a particular route, this takes time to discover new route but by some selected routing protocols it is possible for router to do this job in seconds. Quality of Service: All Protocols doesnt support Quality of Service as fact there is no widely deployed QOS aware Routing Protocols. But some protocols do support the Quality of Service depending upon their intended network use, like in EIGRP bandwidth and delay are consider with static parameters and in OSPF only bandwidth is consider with static parameters. 2.2 Routing and Metrics 2.2.1 Metrics and its Purpose The cost of path in routing is based on the metrics parameters by metrics it is possible to compare or measure the path and all routing protocols select lowest metrics value among all values to determine the best path for routers. All Routing Protocols have their own metric calculation to decide the best bath. At a stage where routing protocol learn multiple path to reach remote networks or same destination and confused to select the right one, then lowest metrics value is used by routing protocols to choose the best path after calculating and comparing the cost of each path learned by routing protocols. Each protocol has its own way to calculate metrics and compare its value as mentioned before EIGRP works on the combination of delay, load, bandwidth and reliability and OSPF uses only bandwidth and as different for other routing protocols. 2.2.2 Metrics Parameters of Routing Protocol The metrics calculation of different routing protocols may results to select different path to same destination this is because different metrics values are used by different protocols. The following metrics are usually used in IP routing protocols:- Hop Count: some protocols count numbers of routers means hops through the packet will traverse to reach the destination like in RIP packets are traverse on the path with least number of hops. Bandwidth: After calculating the metrics if value is chosen bandwidth then path selected with highest bandwidth is preferable. Load: Some protocols select their path according to the load on the link, the lowest load on link is consider the best path to reach destination. Reliability: when reliability is chosen as metrics then path with highest reliability is selected, in this process reliability is calculated by the probability of the link failure in which can be calculated as from the previous recorded link failure or counting interface errors. Cost: cost can be defined as a metrics or a policy combined with metrics because cost is basically a value which is set by administrator or IOS (Internet Operating System) to select best path. 2.3 Classification of Routing Protocols Routing Protocols can be classified as:- Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Distance Vector (DV) and Link-State Routing Protocols (LSR) Classful and classless Routing Protocols 2.3.1 Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Static routing is basically used in small networks as its performance is bad because routing table constructed manually in static routing and routes are also fixed at boot time of router so that is why whenever new network is added or deleted within Autonomous System (AM) network administrator have to update it manually. Therefore it has good advantage in small network in which system administrator have full control of the network but on large networks this technology fails because it is hard to manage rapid changes in network topology and configure all routes manually. On the other hand Dynamic Routing Protocols routing is more widely used in large networks because in this routing table is created automatically and updated by message exchanging with adjacent routers, which means each router in the network have information about all other routers in the network and whenever any router is added or deleted the routing table is updated by different update methods like periodic update and trigger updates. The best route in dynamic routing protocol is based on their individual metrics and rules. Not only this there are many other reason of choosing Dynamic Routing instead of Static and for Dynamic Routing, route instability and creating routing loops are only the drawbacks which may cause. The most known Dynamic protocols are:- RIP A Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol IGRP The Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco OSPF A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol IS-IS A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol EIGRP The Advanced Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco BGP A Path Vector Exterior Routing Protocol. 2.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing determines the best path by calculating the distance to reach the destination, as the name indicates Distance means the how far is destination by hop count metrics and Vector of distance represents term of next hop router or exit interface. Distance Vector Routing Protocols works on the basis of Bellman-Ford algorithm in which routing table is created and updated periodically by broadcasting the entire routing table to each of its neighbour. In Distance Vector each router maintains a distance vector for each destination which contains the information of next hop, destination ID and the shortest distance. This Protocols works on periodic advertisement of the shortest path by each router for example router sends its Distance Vector to its neighbours periodically containing the information of shortest path then the router in neighbour receives the information and updates its routing table and send the updated table periodically to its own neighbour and this process is continue works on the entire network in the time range of 10-90 seconds as depend on different Distance Vector Routing Protocols. In these protocols the router does not have the information of the entire path to the destination router. Router only counts the number of hops and has only the information of the direction and the interface from where the packet can be forwarded. Different metrics are used to update the information by distance vector protocols like in EIGRP the diffusion algorithm is used to select the cost of path to reach the destination. Advantage and Disadvantage of Distance Vector Routing The main advantages of Distance Vector Routing are as follows:- Simple and easy to understand as they work on the basis of router advertising processes but these protocols are efficient in smaller networks Distance Vector Routing Protocols are very easy to configure as just need to enable it on router interface and also they are very easy to manage. Main Disadvantages:- Large Routing tables in large networks, results as bad performance because thousands entries in routing table. Creating loops and slow convergence Problems with Scalability and not good in hierarchical routing Although by split horizon rule and triggered updates, Distance Routing Protocols are boosted as result convergence speed is increased. 2.3.3 Link-State Routing Protocols Link-State Routing (LSR) Protocols are those dynamic routing protocols which works DIJKSTRAS Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm that is why this protocol is also known as Shortest Path First Protocol. The router configured with LSR protocol will always chose the shortest path to reach the destination in network. In Link-State routing protocols the information is stored in database called Link-State database and this routing information is exchange among all routers in network through Link-State Advertisements (LSA). If there is any link added or changed in the network topology then LSAs is flooded to all the neighbour nodes by which routing table are updated information is stored in their own database which describes the topology of the network. The database in these protocols contains the information cost of the each link in the network and this cost is calculated by algorithm called DIJKSTRAS algorithm and the cost of each link can also be set by administrator. After all Link-State routing protocols have excellent flexibility but more complex as compare to Distance Vector and LSR protocols have less broadcast traffic. The most known LSR Protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). Advantage and Disadvantage of Link-State Routing Each router in Link-State Routing Protocol calculate the route independently, the main advantages are as follow: LSR have small Routing table which makes it react fast whenever their is change in network. LSR also have low network overhead and the size of the packet sent in network is very small. Drawbacks of Link-State Routing: Configuration is difficult which results use of large memory space. More complex as compare to Distance Vector. 2.3.4 Classful and Classless Routing Protocols Depending on the subnet mask the routing protocols can be separated as Classful and Classless routing. Classful: The Classful routing contains the same subnet mask in the network topology and the Classful routing protocols never send any information regarding subnet mask in their routing updates. The router does not belong to same network then Classful subnet mask will be applied to the route. Classful routing protocols are not widely used because they doesnt support VSLM (Variable Length Subnet Masks) and also they cannot support discontinuous networks. Classless: Classless routing protocols are just opposite to Classful as in this the subnet mask varies in the network topology and also subnet mask and network address both are included in routing updates. EIGRP and OSPF are also belongs to classless routing protocols. 3.0 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) . EIGRP is Cisco proprietary protocol and this is enhanced version of Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) [7], EIGRP was developed in 1992 and now days this protocols is being consider as more scalable for both large and medium networks. Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used in EIGRP for calculating the routes to destination and also EIGRP has both properties of Link-State and Distance Vector Routing Protocols as it creates neighbour relationships and advertises the routes in network topology that is why it also called as Hybrid Protocol. 3.1 EIGRP Components EIGRP rely on the following four components:- 3.1.1 Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) EIGRP uses DUAL by which loops are avoided in network and this mechanism is process by following concepts of DUAL:- Successor Successor means the first router or the first hop across network which provides the least-cost path to the destination. Feasible Distance The lowest cost required to reach the destination is basically known as Feasible Distance. Reported Distance The cost of router to reach a destination in a network is known by reported distance Feasible Successor Feasible Successor provides the loop free backup path to the destination, basically Feasible Successor if neighbour router in network. Feasible Condition This is totally depend on the value reported distance and feasible distance to select the Feasible Successor, means the value of advertised Reported Distance by router to destination should be less than feasible destination to the same distance. 3.1.2 Neighbour Discovery and Recovery This method allows routers to update their table dynamically with the information of other directly connected routers to the network and this information is exchange between routers with very low overhead as sending HELLO packets periodically throughout the network, router verify the connection with neighbour router by receiving HELLO packets from it. Usually these HELLO packets are sent periodically after every 5 seconds in high speed networks and with these HELLO packets advertise a HOLD time each time when they are sent by a router to make sure the connection is alive by receiving HELLO packets back. In EIGRP the default hold time is 15 seconds. By exchanging these HELLO packets advertisements between each other in the network, router updates their outing table, if the any router doesnt receive HELLO packets in between the HOLD time of EIGRP then the neighbour router will be discarded from the routing table. 3.1.3 Reliable Transport Protocol This protocol is used by EIGRP for guaranteed and ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all the neighbour routers in the network and also Reliable Transport Protocol supports intermix transmission of unicast or multicast packets. EIGRP packets are different; some of the packets are reliably transmitted as required and some do not need any reliability for transmission although reliability is provided whenever there is need. 3.1.4 Protocol Dependent Module To support different network layer protocols, EIGRP uses PDM (Protocol Dependent Module) like Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) and Apple Talk. http://fengnet.com/book/CCIE%20Professional%20Development%20Routing%20TCPIP%20Volume%20I/images/07fig04.jpgFig 4 [Online Available] 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages in EIGRP The main advantage of EIGRP routing protocol are:- Loop free routes are providing by EIGRP routing protocol. The configuration of EIGRP is very easy as compare to OSPF. Low convergence time EIGRP can work with VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) Routing update authentication is also supported by EIGRP Disadvantages; The main disadvantage is EIGRP is Cisco Proprietary so can be use only on Cisco products. Routers from other vendors are not able to utilize EIGRP. 4.0 Open Shortest Path First OSPF is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and it can use by other product as well because it is not Cisco Proprietary. OSPF works with single Autonomous system and distribute the information across the network. In OSPF the cost of interface is calculated by bandwidth and this cost is inversely proportional to bandwidth, Lower cost requires higher bandwidth [3]. As mentioned before OSPF routing protocols always select the lowest cost path to all available destinations with the help of DIJKSTRA Algorithm calculation. 4.1 Protocol Structure The following information is included in OSPF protocol structure [2] Version: indicates the current version of OSPF. Type: indicates five types of packets which are HELLO Packets, Database Description (DBD), Link-State Request (LSR), Link-State Update (LSU) and Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck). Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Au Type Authentication. 5. Related Works and Research There are many comparative analysis of EIGRP, OSPF and other related routing protocols have been proposed and still research is going on some of them are given below. Performance comparisons between OSPF and EIGRP in tactical IP networks. [18] Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using OPNET Modeler. [19] Dynamic routing protocol performance in a fault- tolerant Ethernet-based IP network. [20] And many more other research related to this topic but there are very few comparison and analysis of OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols for real-time traffic. In this project comparative analysis of two most popular routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be done in Cisco packet Tracer with different scenarios in terms of metrics performance. Further detailed information will be included as theoretically of all related routing protocols. Conclusion This contextual report was presented as the part of BSc Computer Networking final year project on Routing Protocols to provide the overview of the project information and literature research and also as Project Initiation Document, in this report the purpose of the project is clearly mentioned and further artefact will be designed and implement later with more detailed information as scheduled.

First Exchange between Beatrice and Benedick being Greeted with Delight

The first exchange between Beatrice and Benedick is always greeted with delight in the theatre? Explain why this is so. Act one scene one of Much Ado About Nothing is always greeted with delight in the theatre for many reasons. It begins when Don Pedro and company enter a "golden world" in Messina where the women are already located. In this situation, people fail to take things seriously, causing the war of swords to soon turn into a war of words. Benedick and Beatrice are the main examples of male/female rivalry that converts into belligerent wordplay. The scene is greeted with delight because it is the first encounter between Beatrice and Benedick and Leonato has already explained the situation between them, stimulating the audience with the want to know more about the relationship between them. ?There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signor Benedick and her: they never meet but there?s a skirmish of wit between them.? Leonato explains the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick to the messenger. We also already know what Beatrice thinks of Benedict from her first line in the play whereupon she as ks ?I pray you is Signior Mountanto returned from the wars or no?? Here she makes a joke about Benedick?s arrogance as Signior Mountanto can be translated as Signior Stuck up. However there may be more to this than meets the eye, it is obvious that she cares about him otherwise she would not have asked but the covers this up with a snide comment bout the ego of Benedick. Here the audience has already established that both Beatrice?s verbal wit and dexterity and her apparent disdain for Benedick and what might be seen as her attempt to mask her true feelings and this is greeted with delight in the theatre. The clash of wit between ... ...and mistrust. He is grateful for his mother, but plans to have no other women in his life. Like Beatrice, by insulting the female gender, he is proclaiming the male gender as supreme. From this we see that Beatrice and Benedick are actually very similar. Both believe that they are joyous and pleasing, for example Benedick states ?I am merry? and is described as ?from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot, he is all mirth?. Beatrice also states that she was ?born to speak all mirth and no matter? and is described as ?a pleasant spirited lady?. Beatrice and Benedick are also similar because of their desire to stay single. We see this in the comments, ?I will live a bachelor? by Benedick and ?She cannot endure to hear tell of a husband? by Leonato about Beatrice. This shows Shakespeare?s dramatic irony as they end up falling in love with each other at the end.

Savanna Theory Versus Aquatic Ape Theory of Human Evolution :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Savanna Theory Versus Aquatic Ape Theory of Human Evolution The evolution of man is constantly in question. While we are reasonably sure that modern humans and primates are both related to the same common ancestor, there is constant debate over what initially caused the two species to split into early hominids and apes. According to some, our longest and most popular theory on the division of man and ape is profoundly wrong. However, those same individuals usually offer an equally controversial theory as a substitute, one that is almost impossible to scientifically test or prove. Both the Savanna Theory and the Aquatic Ape Theory offer solutions to how and why humans evolved into bipedal toolmakers. But with enough questioning, each loses its accountability to rhetorical science. It was commonly believed that early hominids left the jungle to live on the open plains of Africa. Called the Savannah Theory, it was strongly promoted by Professor Raymond Dart, after he gained recognition for discovering the Taung skull in 1925. The Taung skull was the first admitted link between man and ape, and Prof. Dart based his theory on the modern location of the discovered fossils. However, a report in 2000 by Marc Verhaegen claims that a savanna evolution is extremely improbable. Based on biological and physiological data, he tries to disprove the savanna theory and suggests that our evolution would more likely occur in a humid and wet setting than the dry heat of the grasslands. Humans have almost nothing in common with any surviving mammals of the savanna. Most mammals of hot, dry climates do not rely heavily on water for survival. They have a high tolerance to heat, and their body temperatures can fluctuate more than 6oC between day and night. They can bear a dehydration of 20%, whereas 10% or more would be fatal to humans. What little they do drink or consume naturally through food, is conserved because they do not sweat. Hair and fur keeps the sun off their direct skin, while humans would have to sweat 10-15 liters of water to physically cool down. (Verhaegen) Even structurally, humans and African land mammals don’t have much in common.

Personailty Disorders in the Workplace

People with personality disorders characteristic tend to have chronic inflexible styles of perceiving themselves, and interacting with others varies. (Ward, 2004) Personality disorders are typically some of the most challenging mental disorders to treat, because they are part of an individual and their self-perception. Treatment according to Ward, (2004), most often focuses on increasing coping skills, and interpersonal relationship skills. This paper will discuss a few of these disorders, such as Antisocial Personality, Borderline Personality disorders, and Insomnia.I will attempt to describe the various disorders and how they affect employer/employees in the workplace. We will look at the symptom logy observed by co-workers and/or supervisors for those with the different disorders. I will provide similarities and difference in how supervisors or co-workers would intervene with people with these disorders. The end result will be to provide appropriate organizational intervention str ategies for those living with these disorders. Antisocial Personality Disorders (APD) According to (Babiak, and Hare. 2006).Personality disorder behavior, is like a disease, is antiquity, and nothing about it changes. Antisocial personality disorder (APD) is one of the disorders describe in the Psychopath in the Workplace: A Cautionary Tale, written by Paul Babiak and Robert D. Hare. The authors describe how a common misconception is that antisocial disorder refers to people who have poor social skills. On the contrary, the opposite is often the case, instead, APD is characterized by a lack of conscience people with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of. Babiak, and Hare, 2006) Antisocial tend to lie and steal according to the authors. Often, they are careless with money and take action without thinking about consequences. They can sometimes become aggressive and are much more concerned with thei r own needs then the needs of others. â€Å"They may appear to be superior. † Candidates for business leadership position and many of them rise to the positions of power and influence in business community. † (p. 2) The authors express how a socially facile psychopath may expertly deceive the average person. Snakes in suits† is the term the authors used to describe an antisocial person. (p. 2)They give descriptive lucid, richly detailed guide for corporate business professionals who are interested in understanding how important and often unrecognized behavior syndrome is acted out in the workplace. They believe this knowledge and information they give in their book Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go To Work is essential if â€Å"socially responsible and ethical individuals are to protect themselves and their organization against ruthless, fraudulent, manipulative behavior. (P. 2. ) It’s imperative that leaders and employees become aware and knowledgeable of this behavior if they are to protect themselves and their resources from exploitation. (Babiak, and Hare, 2006) These individual may appear impressive, because of their motivated ambitiousness, social charm, and self-confidence, yet closer observation of their behavior and inspection of their motives reveals that they posses qualities of ruthless exploitations deceitfulness, pathological lying, and a wiliness to use antisocial and even criminal behavior to achieve their goals. Babiak, and Hare, 2006) According to Babiak, &Hare (2006) the symptoms that antisocial personality disorder display, and should be observed by leaders, and employees are as followed:  ·Disregard for the feelings of others  ·Impulsive and irresponsible decision-making  ·Lack of remorse for harm done to others  ·Lying, stealing, other criminal behavior  ·Disregard for the safety of self and others Borderline Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorders are described by Babiak, & Hare,(200 6), characterized by mood instability and poor self-image.This disorder, according to the authors was named because it was originally thought to be at â€Å"borderline† of psychosis. The disorder is relatively common, affecting 2% of adults. Women are more likely to suffer borderline than men. Nearly 20% of psychiatric hospitalizations are due to this disorder. (Babiak, and Hare 2006) People with this disorder are prone to having mood swings and or bouts of anger. Often taking anger out on themselves, causing pain and injury to their own body. They are suicidal, and think in black and white terms, which often form intense, conflict-ridden relationships.They are quick to anger when their expectations are not met. The symptoms that employers/employees may observe are: Self-injury or attempted suicide Strong feelings of anger, anxiety or depression that last for several hours Impulsive behavior Drugs or alcohol abuse Feelings of low self-worth Unstable relationships with friends , family, and boyfriends/ girlfriends and co-workers Treatment could involve therapy in which the patient learns to talk through his/her feelings rather than unleashing them in destructive and self-defeating ways.Medication may be helpful, and treatment of any alcohol or substance abuse issued should be required. Insomnia We have looked at Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, now I would like to prevent Insomnia, a disorder that is profound and many people suffer everyday because of it. According to authors of Handbook of Mental Health, Insomnia in the workplace is characterized by many different behaviors. People who suffer from insomnia call into work more because they are sick more.Insomnia can have a negative affects on the workplace, reducing the ability of affected employees to maintain adequate productivity and safety on the job, impairing their overall quality of life. (Thomas, and Hensen, 2002 p. 351) People who suffer f rom insomnia are slower to complete assignments and short attention spans. Some people even put themselves and co-workers into dangerous situation if they are driving or working heavy machinery. Treatments for insomnia is commonly bought at most grocery stores. Sleep aid like â€Å"SleepyTime† can be purchased easy to help sleep.However, using medication can cause addiction, and cover up what’s really the problem. Psychological treatment can aid in getting to the â€Å"root† of the problem. (Thomas, & Henson, 2002 p. 358). Durand, & Barlow, (2010), created a list of psychological treatments for insomnia, which are; cognitive, guided imagery relaxation, graduated extension, paradoxical intention, and progressive relaxation. (Durand and Barlow, 2010, p 332) Leaders and employees who need to recognize the symptoms and behavior that an Insomniac may display: Lateness Absent Sleeping on the jobPre occupied Unmotivated Bosses and co-workers who are aware of each other â€Å"normal’ work habits can observe and offer intervention, and resources that can help people with this disorder strive for effective treatment. (Thomas, & Henson , 2002, p. 363). Supervisory Intervention When considering intervention, Employee Assistance Programs (EAP’s) maybe one of the more comprehensive means of addressing psychopath in the workplace. (Thomas, & Hensen, 2004). Organizational leadership can play a tremendous role in the implementation of treatment modalities in the workplace.The members of the Leadership should make as many attempts as needed and possible to maintain and environment with minimal stressors. Leaders and organizations that have the holistic well-being of everyone involved, should implement healthy, well being programs, that are designed to improve productivity for everyone involved. Supervisors must observe, and realize the impact of unhealthy behavior to the organization, like cost, law suits, accidents, violence, and decrease of production and increase in expenses due to sickness / work compensation.Supervisors need to focus and observe behavior respectful approach the situation, without alienating or making the person feel as if gossip or singling out is not the goal. Leaders need to be empathic, and genuinely concern with ones well-being; excellent communication skills and being well informed could enhance the probability of the person with the disorder agree to intervention. EAP programs are designed to address a multitude of issues that plague the workplace. The programs and find alternative resolution, to help elevate stresses that prevent productivity.Furthermore, employees have an obligation to themselves, as well as their employers. Telling someone that a problem exists could save time, money, and mental illnesses. Observing a fellow employee who is having difficulties should be reported to supervisors, and not gossip about amongst fellow employees Subsequently, we all must become responsible for t he healthy well-being of ourselves and find balance in our personal lives, in order to live stress free and well- rounded.References 1) Durand V. M, & Barlow D. H. , (2010) Essential of Abnormal Psychology , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, Census Learning 2) Hare, R. D, & Newman, C. S. (2006) , Handbook of Pschopathy , New York Gulford Press 3) Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, (2005-2009), Proctor Hospital 4) Thomas, J. , & Hensen, M. (2002), Handbook of Mental Health in the Workplace. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage Publication. 5) Ward, K. R. (2004), American Family Physicians, Leawood.