Sickle Cell Disease: Causes, Effects and Treatment

Sickle Cell Disease: Causes, Effects and Treatment Abstract Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited hematological (blood) disorder that results from a mutation in the beta globin gene that is responsible for the development of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein that delivers oxygen to the red blood cells throughout the body. In the disease, a mutated variant of normal hemoglobin generates an abnormal structure of the cells, leading to the development of symptoms. Sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia are two common types of sickle diseases that are discussed in this review. The symptoms, complications, and therapies are also highlighted in the context of the pathophysiology of the disease. Sickle Cell Disease: An Overview Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disorder and it is characterized by an abnormal structure or production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to cells throughout the body (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease results from a mutation in the beta globin gene causing a class of sickle diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia (Thein, 2008). Together, they are often referred to as the beta hemoglobinopathies and present a range in disease severity (Thein, 2008). Beta globin is a protein that produces hemoglobin and the gene mutation in both diseases produces abnormal variants of hemoglobin in the blood. This results in either a predominance of abnormal hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells or an absence of normal hemoglobin, and thus, normal red blood cells (Edwards et al., 2005). There are a number of available therapies that manage sickle cell disease and the only curative treatment is hema topoietic cell transplantation. Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Disease The National Institutes of Health reports that sickle cell disease is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States and it affects 70,000 to 80,000 Americans (National Institutes of Health, 2014). It is estimated to occur in 1 in 500 African Americans and 1 in 1,000 to 1,400 Hispanic Americans (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease affects 30 million people worldwide and it is most common among people who have ancestors from Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Arabian Peninsula, India, parts of South America, Central America and the Caribbean (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011; National Institutes of Health, 2014). As it is an inherited disease, the sickle gene is presumed to have a genetic advantage in which it protects from the development of malaria infection (Stuart Nagel, 2004). There are many types of sickle diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and beta thalassemia. Sickle cell anemia is considered the most commonly occurring type of sickle c ell disease (National Institutes of Health, 2014). In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin S replaces both beta-globin and the sixth amino acid is changed from glutamic acid to valine (National Institutes of Health, 2014; Rees Gibson, 2011). Sickle cell trait is not considered a disease and it is found in approximately 1 in 10 African Americans (Edwards et al., 2005). When both parents have the sickle cell trait, there is a one in four chance with each pregnancy that the child will have sickle cell anemia (Edwards, et al., 2005). Today, many health organizations offer newborn screenings that can determine if a child has either the disease or trait (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The development of the disease occurs due to the polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin S (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). The polymer formation modifies the normal red blood cell disc shape into a rigid, irregular-shaped, unstable cell and causes intravascular hemolysis, or rupture of the cells, to release hemoglobin into the plasma of the blood (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). The repeated polymerization leads to sticky blood cells (blood cell adhesion), obstruction of blood vessels (vasocclusion), and restriction of blood supply to tissues and organs in the body (ischemia) (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). Additionally, the endothelium and leukocyte, or white blood cells, are also found to play a role in disease mechanisms. Studies have found a connection between the endothelium, a thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, and sickled red blood cells (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The red blood cell receptors that are associated with cell adhesion are present in increased numbers on sickled immature red blood cells and mature sickle cells compared to normal red blood cells (Stuart Nagel, 2004). This finding demonstrates a structure-function abnormal activity that leads to coagulation on cell surfaces, leading to anemia (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Like cell adhesion, leukocytes have an impact in disease activity. White blood cells are found to be at an increased baseline in sickle cell disease, which serves as an independent risk factor for pulmonary and cardiac complications (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The size of the white blood cell, its rigidity, and adhesive characteristics are implicated in microvascular blood flow, vascular inflammation, and vasocclusion (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Clinical Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease The clinical manifestation of sickle cell disease can lead to inflammatory responses and may result in acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and stroke (Chirico Pialoux, 2012). People with sickle cell disease may also encounter several physical complications, such as delayed growth, fatigue, headaches, and cerebral vascular damage (Edwards et al., 2005). Acute chest syndrome is considered the second most common cause of hospital admissions and a leading cause of death in patients with sickle cell disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). It involves the presence of a pulmonary infiltrate on a chest X-ray and the symptoms may include chest pain, a temperature of more than 38.5 degrees Celsius (101.3 degrees Fahrenheit), tachypnea (rapid breathing), wheezing or cough ((Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). The symptoms at clinical presentation vary with age as wheezing, cough, and fever are common in children 10 years or younger (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Pain in the arms and legs and shortness of breath are more commonly presented in adults with the disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). It is believed that there are three mechanisms involved in acute lung injuries, which include infection, fat embolization (clotting) from bone marrow, and sequestration of sickled red blood cells (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). People with sickle cell disease have an increased risk for developing infections, particularly pneumonia. Treatment for acute chest syndrome is primarily supportive and includes supplemental oxygen to keep the saturation above 92% (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Pain is considered the most frequent complication associated with the disease and acute chest syndrome stimulates this crisis (Edwards et al., 2005; Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Repeated episodes of acute chest syndrome predispose patients to chronic pulmonary disease, such as pulmonary hypertension (Stuart Nagel , 2004). The occurrence of asthma is also associated with the increased incidence of acute chest syndrome, which is considered a comorbid condition found in people with sickle cell disease (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011). Beta Thalassemia Beta thalassemia is a common genetic blood disease that reduces hemoglobin production (National Institutes of Health, 2014). The hemoglobin gene mutation results in an unusually low level of beta-globin (National Institutes of Health, 2014). There are different levels of thalassemia based on the number of copies of beta thalassemia alleles or different copies of the same gene (Thein, 2008). The variety in alleles impacts the deficit in beta globin production, which, in turn, impacts disease severity (Thein, 2008). Carriers, for example, who have inherited a single copy of the beta thalassemia allele are clinically asymptomatic and may demonstrate mild anemia (Thein, 2008). Unlike a globin imbalance that is found in sickle cell anemia, variants of beta chains are broken down and result in ineffective red blood cell production in beta thalassemia (Thein, 2008). Physical complications involve cardiac and bone disease, bilirubin metabolism, and iron metabolism. Such symptoms may include jaundice and a predisposition to gallstones (Thein, 2008). Treatment for Sickle Cell Disease Several complications may emerge from sickle cell disease, whether it is in sickle cell anemia or in beta thalassemia. The purpose of therapies for sickle cell disease is to prevent and treat complications (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The treatment of sickle cell disease is best achieved by decreasing the amount of hemoglobin S through the prevention of its production (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). People with severe sickle cell disease are treated with three validated therapies: hydroxyurea, transfusion and chelation therapy, and a hematopoietic or stem cell transplant (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Hydroxyurea has been shown to be an effective form of treatment for children and adults with the disease. It has been demonstrated to reduce pain and acute chest syndromes, and it decreases the frequency of hospitalizations and the need for transfusions. This therapy has also been found to play a role in stroke prevention (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). At a molecular level, hydroxyurea reduces the adhesion of sickle red cells to endothelial cells. It also modulates endothelial cell activation and nitric oxide generation (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Nitric oxide has been found to affect acute and chronic complications of sickle cell disease (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Nitric oxide, on a normal functioning level, induces relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels. In sickle cell disease, the bioavailability of nitric oxide is impaired, resulting in an imbalance between endothelial production and consumption (Stuart Nagel, 2004). The lungs are most affected by a reduction of nitric oxide and tend to constrict, which predisposes an individual to acute chest syndrome (Stuart Nagel, 2004). No adverse effects have been thus far reported on the usage of hydroxyurea and any toxicity is typically reversible (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Transfusion therapy is currently considered a standard of care treatment for primary and secondary stroke prevention in children with sickle cell disease (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). It is used for short and long term management, preventing a first stroke in high-risk children as well as preventing against a recurrent stroke (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Transfusions are also used for chronic and severe pain or in cases when patients with acute chest syndrome do not respond to hydroxyurea (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Chelation therapy is used for patients who experience iron overload. Iron overload is a serious and inevitable outcome from receiving regular transfusion therapy (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Unless treated, iron overload may result in severe organ damage and other life threatening complications and this treatment mediates this by removing excess metals from the body (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). While hydroxyurea, tranfusions, and chelation therapy aim to prevent and treat complications, they do not cure sickle cell disease (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The currently available curative treatment is a stem cell transplant. A transplant is indicated in those patients who experience complications, such as recurrent severe pain, acute chest syndrome, and stroke (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Only one-third of affected children meet the criteria for a stem cell transplant as it is an aggressive and serious procedure (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). The goal of a stem cell transplant is to replace the host’s marrow with normal cells, resulting in a new immune system (Stuart Nagel, 2004). Studies on stem cell transplant as a curative option for patients with severe sickle cell disease are demonstrating mean overall survival and event-free survival rates between 95 and 85% (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). Significant advancements have been made for pediatric patients who have beta thalassemia and were treated with a stem cell transplant. Over the last three decades, disease-free survival rates have exceeded 80% in patients who received transplants from biologically compatible family donors (Mehta Faulkner, 2013). Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disorder that is primarily diagnosed in people who have ancestors from Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Arabian Peninsula, India, parts of South America, Central America and the Caribbean (Khoury, Musallam, Mroueh, Abboud, 2011; National Institutes of Health, 2014). The disease results by a mutation in the gene that creates beta globin, which is the protein that is responsible for producing hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to the body’s organs and tissues. When the mutation occurs, a hemoglobin variant is produced, resulting in a structural and functional change in the red blood cells. Several physical complications emerge in both children and adults who have the disease. These may include, but not limited to, pain, acute chest syndrome, cerebral and vascular damage (Edwards et al., 2005). There are three primary therapies for managing and/or treating the disease. These inc lude the drug, hydroxyurea, transfusion and chelation therapy, and hematopoietic cell transplantation (Inati, Chabtini, Mounayar, Taher, 2009). More research is underway in the development of additional treatment options, such as gene therapy and clinical trials are exploring this possibility. References Chirico, E. N., Pialoux, V. (2012). Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Life, 64 (1), 72-80. Edwards, C. L., Scales, M. T., Loughlin, C., Bennett, G. G., Harris-Peterson, S., De Castro, L. M., Whitworth, E., Abrams, M., Feliu, M., Johnson, S., Wood, M., Harrison, O., Killough, A. (2005). A brief review of the pathophysiology, associated pain, and psychosocial issues in sickle cell disease. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12 (3), 171-179. Inati, A., Chabtini, L., Mounayar, M., Taher, A. (2009). Current understanding in the management of sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin, 33 (S1), S107-S115. Khoury, R. A., Musallam, K. M., Mroueh, S., Abboud, M. R. (2011). Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin, 35 (5-6), 625-635. Mehta, P. A., Faulkner, L. B. (2013). Hematopoietic cell transplantation for thalassemia: a global perspective BMT tandem meeting 2013. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 19, S70-S73. National Institutes of Health (2014). Genetics home reference: beta thalassemia. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Retrieved from http://www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/beta-thalassemia. National Institutes of Health (2014). Genetics home reference: sickle cell disease. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Retrieved from www.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/sickle-cell-disease. Rees, D. C., Gibson, J. S. (2011). Biomarker in sickle cell disease. British Journal of Haematology, 156, 433-445. Stuart, M. J., Nagel, R. L. (2004). Sickle-cell disease. Lancet, 364, 1343-1360. Thein, S. L. (2008). Genetic modifiers of the ÃŽ ²-haemoglobinopathies. British Journal of Haematology, 141, 357-366.

Theseus Or Hercules? :: essays research papers

Theseus or Hercules? Theseus is most worthy of emulation. He was a great hero in Athens. "Theseus was, of course bravest of the brave as all heroes are, but unlike the other heroes he was as compassionate as he was brave." (p. 159). Theseus also was a man of bravery, intellect and bodily strength. Hercules on the other hand was what all Greece except Athens most admired. He was very strong but wasn't too smart. Hercules never thought of the consequences that his actions would bring about before he followed through with them. First, Theseus was very strong. He fought many terrible horrendous monsters such as the Minotaur, "..a monster, half bull, half human.." (p.151), and went on many great ventures such as the Quest for the Golden Fleece. Theseus showed his great strength in adventures such as the one with the Minotaur. Hercules was also involved in many great adventures in which his great strength was shown. Hercules was much stronger than Theseus, but Theseus made up for this small loss in other ways. Second, Theseus was very smart. Because of his great intellect the Athenians, people who valued thought and ideas, chose him and not Hercules as their hero. Theseus escaped from the Labyrinth and killed the Minotaur. Neither of these tasks were easy and required someone with aptitude unlike Hercules. Theseus always thought things through and made good decisions. Hercules' foolishness was shown on many occasions such as when he killed his family and his music teacher. Theseus' intellect is one very valuable quality which makes him more worthy of emulation. Third, Theseus was very brave. In fact he went on so many great excursions that a saying grew up in Athens "Nothing without Theseus!" (p. 149). When it was time for Theseus to seek his father he would not go by water " But Theseus refused to go by water because the voyage was safe and easy." (p. 149). Theseus insisted to take the way by land. His idea was to become a hero as quickly as possible, and he accomplished his goal by ridding the land of all the banns to travelers on his way to find his father. Theseus had many other adventures. He was on the Argo, in the Caledonian hunt, as well as many others. Hercules also had many adventures but his were often the result of his own

Economics The Russian Experience Essay

The economy of the Soviet Union was based on a system of state ownership and administrative planning which meant that the state was the single decision organ in economic matters. The economic growth was guided by what was then called Five Year Plans crafted by the national decision makers appointed by the state. This approach made it easy for the resources to be harnessed to achieve set objectives. The economic set up concentrated more in building capital goods, machine manufacture and the chemical industry. The economic setup was top down model that offered little option for feedback to move to the decision makers. This made it hard for the decision makers to assess the effects of their decisions with a view to eliminate destructive ones. It therefore made it hard for the decision makers to abandon earlier decisions that failed to work or that produced negative results. (http://www. answers. com/toic/history-d-the-soviet-union-1985-1991). The economic setup, otherwise called communism, often resulted into the problem of over or under production of goods. The system paid little attention to the production of consumer goods and this led to black markets thriving. This black market had a counter effect on the economic agenda of the planners. The system was also very bureaucratic delaying issues that required urgent decisions. This scenario led to a back logging of decisions, which overwhelmed the decision makers with time. Middle level managers began to agitate for freedom to deal with customers and suppliers directly for them to more effectively respond to the economic laws of demand and supply. This agitation built up to eventually break the Soviet Union because the decision makers and the political leaders of the time failed to respond to these demands responsibly. (http://www. answers. com/toic/history-d-the-soviet-union-1985-1991). The economic setup of the Soviet Union had made some big gains, which enabled them to become industrialized faster than other economic fronts. Failure to respond to arising issues was what contributed to its downfall. Strong institutions had already been setup such as the agricultural sector, foreign trade as well as the financial sector. All capital goods were collectively owned with little exceptions. Individual property ownership was minimal. The ownership controversy also contributed to the Soviet Union breakup. Since then Russia has had to undergo intensive reform program to enable them to respond to the largely capitalistic world economy (Moszczynska, undated) A key sector that is the focus of the reform process is the financial sector. The Russian economy is reliant on oil and the fluctuations of prices affect the economy adversely. To alleviate such adverse effects, the financial sector needs reforms because it offers smoother transition into the envisioned economic setup. A challenge facing Russia and other countries as they transit from command economy to the free market economy is imbalance created by foreign trade. These countries have begun to import goods that were in short supply but on the other hand exports have began to decline. This slows down the recovery process since exports spurred growth previously. When the exports are more than the imports, a country is performing well economically and this is reverse for these former Soviets. Consumption growth had for a time led to an increment is real wages but productivity growth has stagnated those gains. This again is due to the heavy reliance on the oil industry for economic growth (Barnard, 2000). In addition, there is little investment outside the oil and metal industries. This means that as much as the motive is to create wealth for the citizenly, there cannot be much success if no considerable investment is made. In fact investments in other areas has been declining over time. The investment climate in Russia is still hostile which slows down the ability of the reform process to spur growth. The economic system only favor large business establishments leaving small and medium sized enterprises struggling. The government’s authorization requirements are stringent while corruption has been rife. This has led to more resources being allocated to large firms. With the medium sized enterprises grounded, no much growth can be achieved. The banking system is also inefficient since it only lends to the large establishments. The reform of the banking sector has largely depended upon political climate but a legal framework is needed to effectively reform this sector. A better framework to regulate the banking industry has to be put in place (Kahan, 2001). The reform process of the Russian and other former Soviet countries are on the right track. There are enough challenges in the implementation process of the proposals but they are gaining ground. Under performing areas have shown indications of growth. The recovery process, though, calls for political will among the leaders to drive the process. No much progress would be realized if political will is lacking. The effects of the Cold War need to be eliminated from the fore. The Russian economy has great potential and if the strategies respond appropriately to upcoming issues, the Russian economy would perform better. The Russian economy performance had put Russia ahead of other countries. It was not entity based on wrong principles. The major problem was the bureaucratic system that had been set that made it difficult to respond to rising issues. If the economy is to acquire the envisioned status it once had, it has to respond to arising issues.

Karl Marx And Karl Polanyi - 1668 Words

Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Karl Polanyi are writer of capitalism, that have influenced capitalism in different ways to making capitalism what it is today. Adam Smith known as the father of the political economy, developed the concept of the invisible hand; which explains how self-interest and competition in a free market economy, would allow economy prosperity. Another concept Smit developed is division of labour which say that jobs a business should be specialised, instead of one person having to carry out all the processes. Karl Marx, on the other hand, demonstrates to us the negative impact of the capitalist system upon workers and society in general. As Marx believed that workers gain nothing, instead get exploited by the capitalist who†¦show more content†¦However, critics of the invisible hand say that it is not as strong as it was in the time of Smith, due to large powerful cooperation, effective marketing system and inefficient financial market blocks the mechanism of the invisible hand which does not allow the scare resources to be used at their best use. An example is of the invisible hand in works is, say if a candle maker sells one candle stick for  £1 but, another candle maker sells 3 sets of candles for  £2, it would mean he would get all the business making the other candle maker lose out and make even run out of business. So, to compensate the lose the candle marker would be forced lower his prices to survive and not get out of business, therefore, the candle maker is guided by the invisible hand being his self-interest to gain profit to lower his prices. Division of labour another, one of Adam Smith’s concepts explains that productive power of workers would increases each worker would have a specialised job to carry out and in turn would allow increase number of output to be produced. Smith further, says that division of labour is not something that is regulated by an authority, instead it is human nature. As what make us human is our propensity to truck, barter and exchange items, which gives us assurance to be able to trade what we have produced goes on to encourage division of labour. Smith gives 3 reasons as to why division of labour increase’s productivity. First, divisionShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Karl Polanyi1805 Words   |  8 PagesAdam Smith, Karl Marx and Karl Polanyi, have influenced different parts of capitalism. Adam Smith known as the father of the political economy, developed the concept of the invisible hand; which explains how self-interest and competition in a free market economy, would allow economy prosperity. Smith, also developed the division of labour which say that different jobs in a business should be specialised, instead of one person having to carry out all the processes. Karl Marx, on the other hand, demonstratedRead MoreGlobalization Has Transformed Our Economic Lives1609 Words   |  7 Pagesglobalization functions but rather look at this phenomenon from all it s dimensions. Immanuel Wallerstein s theory on world systems revolves around a historical and qualitative viewpoint. Wallerstein was inspired by people such as Karl Marx, Joseph Shumpter, Karl Polanyi and Fernand Braudel. Wallerstein insists that social scientist are not able to take a value free and objective approach and therefore he looks into the historical influences around the world to comprehend globalization. Immanuel WallersteinRead MoreEconomic Sociology - Karl Polanyis Concept of Embeddedness2096 Words   |  9 Pagesthe relationship between economy and society through Karl Polanyi’s concept of Embeddedness. Karl Polanyi is best known for his book The Great Transformation which describes the great transformation of European civilization from preindustrial world to the era of industrialization, and the shifts in ideas, ideologies, and social and economic policies accompanying it. Going back to the English Industrial Revolution, in the 19th century, Polanyi shows how English thinkers responded to the disruptionRead MoreInequality And Class Conflict : A Labor Theory Perspective3379 Words   |  14 Pagesconflict has been lost to the undergrowth of history. As far back as feudalism, the separation of (as coined by Karl Marx) bourgeoisie and proletariat has been instigated by the uneven distribution of political and capital power. However, in the eyes of many Labor Theory of Value economists, the sanctity of the free economic system is threatened; Adam Smith, Thompson, Hodgkin, Keynes, Veblen, and Marx each contributed to the evolution of an economic perspective that disregarded the naturaln ess of class conflictRead MoreAsteroid Mining is Becoming a Reality1941 Words   |  8 Pagesone case has been done so far and that was in 2010, when Japan sent Hayabusa to take mineral samples from an asteroid named Itokawa. Since technology is bringing us more exploration outside of earth, how will asteroid mining effect daily life? Karl Polanyi in an excerpt from his book, The Great Transformation, describes how our world is based off of markets. A market is a willing exchange, with limited goods and services, and happens anywhere where there is a demand. Today, we live in a market economyRead MoreThe Global Forces Of Capitalism Essay1840 Words   |  8 Pagesprofitable exchange† (Wood 2002). This is true even down to human labour being treated as a commodity to be traded (Marx 2004: 12). When looked at in terms of Lukes’ third dimension of power it can be seen that capitalism has dominated modern civilisations; it is difficult to imagine the functioning of an alternative system, and we have no choice but to take part in it. According to Marx it is not in the labourers’ interest to take part in this exploitative and enslaving capitalist system, because itRead MoreDevelopment by Gustavo Esteva8857 Words   |  36 Pagesones own self, and of the other, was suddenly created. Two hundred years of social construction of the historical—political meaning of the term development were successfully usurped and transmogrified. A political and philosophical proposition of Marx, packaged American-style as a struggle against communism and at the service of the hegemonic design of the United States, succeeded in permeating both the popular and the intellectual mind for the rest of the century Underdevelopment began, then, onRead MoreThe Importance of Philosophy to Engineering8110 Words   |  33 Pagescolleges - and certainly not in the liberal arts faculties in which most philosophy is taught. Allow me simply to mention in passing some representative contributors to this school or tradition.8 First is Ernst Kapp (1808-1896), a contemporary of Karl Marx. Although originally educated as a philosopher, Kapp emigrated from Germany to central Texas, where he became a pioneer and developed a view of technology as a complex extension or projection of human faculties and activities. In a subsequent articulationRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pagescompensation for his labor  in producing them, his risque of reputation  in offering them to the Public. 2. Historical Overview There are extensive discussions of property in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Hegel, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Marx, and Mill. The range of justificatory themes they consider is very broad, and I shall begin with a summary. The ancient authors speculated about the relation between property and virtue, a natural subject for discussion since justifying private propertyRead MoreTorpey 1998 State Monopolization Of Legitimate Means Of Movement12377 Words   |  50 Pagespreserve and extend access to Sociological Theory. http://www.jstor.org Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the Legitimate Means of Movement* JOHN TORPEY University of California, Irvine Following the imagery of expropriationused by Marx to describe the process of capitalist developmentand by Weberto characterizestates monopolizationof the legitimate use of violence, I argue that modernstates have also expropriatedthe legitimate means of movementand monopolized the authority to

Parental Involvement Of Children With And Without...

Introduction and Purpose In the article Parental involvement in children’s learning: Comparing parents of children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by M.A Rogers et al, the group of graduate students studied parental involvement in children’s learning with and without ADHD. Rogers et al indicated that parental involvement in children’s learning has a variety of behaviors and characteristics. These characteristics vary based on the mother and father’s interactions with their child, the school environment, home life and whether or not or not the children are typically developing or children diagnosed with ADHD. M.A Rogers et al hoped to gather useful data regarding how parents behave and interact with their children who are diagnosed with ADHD and non-ADHD children and how these behaviors support or hinder their academic home and school life. This topic is important because parents play an integral role in children’s development and children di agnosed with ADHD tend to struggle significantly both at home and at school with their attention and producing work. As a result of the tension created, some parents have a hard time engaging in the support of their child. The author’s indicated that while there is a lot of research on how we can assist children with ADHD with their homework, there is not a lot of research on parental involvement with regards to children with ADHD and their long term academic performance( ). Methods M.A RogersShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreMeeting the Needs of Students With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder1810 Words   |  8 PagesSeveral researchers have estimated that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder effects between 5 and 10% of school aged children (Aguiar, Eubig, Schantz, 2010; Modesto-Lowe, Danforth, Brooks, 2008; Schroeder Kelley, 2009). It is the most frequently diagnosed childhood neurobehavioral disorder (Aguiar, Eubig, Schantz, 2010). Students with ADHD exhibit developmentally inappropriat e levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention (Modesto-Lowe, Danforth, Brooks, 2008). TypicallyRead More Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesparenting still is difficult. When a child has a disorder such as ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactive disorder), the child needs much more from the parent than most parents bargain for. Parenting roles for a child with ADHD change greatly; from the time that a parent needs to spend helping the child tie their shoe, or taking the child out for a run in the park. ADHD is not a very easy concept to define, that being because there is no medical proof that the disorder exists. There is no test or questionnaireRead MoreBhut An Inclusive Educative System2450 Words   |  10 Pagesrestriction students and adults with disabilities all are to feel no sense of hostility from anyone. Inclusive education emphasizes entirely upon developing and designing a comfortable environment inclusive of an educati ve curriculum suitable for children with disabilities.(Jamie, 2012) 1.b) Bhutan adopting an Inclusive Educative system The enrolments of students in schools have drastically improved as the country undergoes development and progression. Not only have the enrolmentsRead MoreSingle Parent Effect On Children s Well Being1219 Words   |  5 PagesProf. Lobato Comp 102 12 March 2017 Single Parent effect on Children s well being Raising a child on your own can be very challenging at times and can also cause negative effects on the child. Years ago in the United States it was common for everyone to go for the american dream. The dream that involves two parents, children, golden retrievers and the white picket fence in front of the house. However, today in America raising children on your own has become a lot more popular. Since 1960, singleRead MoreThe Cyberbullying Epidemic Essay2633 Words   |  11 PagesChildren are bullied by their peers on a daily basis. There has been a major increase in bullying cases throughout the world. Throughout years many forms of bullying have surfaced; some forms of bullying seen more often on a day-to-day basis are cyber, physical, verbal, and relational bullying. Bullying has been a persistent problem with all types of children including children with physical and mental disorders. It is the responsibility of parents and teachers to properly educate and monitor childrenRead MoreChildhood Education : Early Childhood Special Education Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesPlay assists in enhancing the children social competence, creativity, language development, and their thinking skills. Play is usually the key vehicle for the developing of language, social skulls in young children (Rogers ET all. 2009). Moreover, it serves as a functional behavior which contributes to the life quality of the children. . Play tests the ability of the children to be able to develop ideas around places and objective. The pretend play assists children in developing important criticalRead MoreChildhood Onset Bipolar Disorder Essay2388 Words   |  10 PagesChildhood Onset Bipolar Disorder Childhood Onset Bipolar Disorder (COBPD) is one of the most debilitating mental disorders affecting children today. Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder usually affecting adults that causes sometimes severe changes in mood. Childhood Onset Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like, a bipolar disorder that occurs during childhood. Persons suffering from a bipolar disorder experience mood swings ranging from depression to mania. During a depressive episodeRead MoreService Learning Research and Reflection paper1354 Words   |  6 PagesDisability (LD). Students with learning disabilities, also known as specific learning disabilities, tend to be of at least average intelligence. Of at least average intelligence is the key phrase. A learning disability is defined as â€Å"a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to receive, process, store, and respond to information† (National Center for Learning Disabilities,). Learning disabilities can affect students in the areas of listening, speaking, reading, writing and spelling, reasoningRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Children : Is Dora A Child Predator?2141 Words   |  9 PagesAn Examination of the Negative Effects of Television on Children: Is Dora a Child Predator? In one year, a child tends to spend more time watching TV than the amount of time spent in the classroom. Beginning in 1927, the first television consisted of nothing more than a very small box that consumed a monstrous amount of energy. As years passed, World War II served as the spark in the age of the TV. Many people in the United States of America became distraught during the war. What’s more settling

Theme Of Empathy In The Kite Runner - 973 Words

A fear of empathy dictates one’s ability to achieve true redemption. This is proven many times throughout the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini. The character of Amir often struggles to allow people to both feel for him and to allow himself to feel for others. While the characters Hassan shares similar problems, they have different causations and solution. They both fear experiencing empathy in the beginning, effectively hindering their ability to progress appropriately. However, while Hassan is eventually able to accept his and other people’s feeling of empathy, Amir continues to fight against them, letting his fear control his life. This is shown when Amir fights against a relationship with both Baba and Hassan, while Hassan†¦show more content†¦His selfish bias making it impossible for Amir to begin earning redemption. This is again proven when he returns to Pakistan to visit Rahim Khan. Rahim Khan pleads with him to try and get Amir to rescue Sohrab, his nephew, from Kabul, but Amir refuses: â€Å"‘you know,’ Rahim Khan said, â€Å"one time, when you weren’t around, your father and I were talking. And you know how he always worried about you in those days. I remember he said to me, ‘Rahim, a boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man you can’t stand up to anything’ I wonder, is that what you’ve become?’ I dropped my eyes. [†¦] Finally, I settled for this: ‘Maybe Baba was right’† (Hosseini, 221). When given the choice to defend his honour and go rescue a young boy, or insult himself and look at the world through a negative lense, Amir chooses to adopt an incredibly negative persona, as per his past. He chooses to refuse the opportunity to experience empathy and relate to Rahim Khan’s desperation and pain, and instead drives a wedge between their relationship. Pushing himself further away from the redemption he crave s so desperately. As a fear of empathy inhibits one’s ability to find redemption and uphold healthy relationships. Similar to this concept, Hassan also suffers from a fear of empathy that intervenes with his search for redemption. While Hassan is not afraid of experiencing empathy like Amir, he is clearly afraid of others feelingShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1574 Words   |  7 Pagescan give one confidence. A main theme present in Khaled Hosseini’s, The Kite Runner, is love. The Kite Runner follows Amir, the main character, finding redemption from a series of traumatic childhood events. Throughout the novel, the author uses many powerful symbols to represent the complexity of love that many experience in relationships. The use of the kite, the pomegranate tree, the slingshot, and the cleft lip all tie together to underscore a universal theme of love. To begin, the most explicitRead MorePower In The Kite Runner Essay965 Words   |  4 Pageseating the weak,† James Rollins. Those who have power are more likely to take advantage over those categorized in a lower class. In this fictional novel, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the overall concept of abuse of power and bullying is portrayed. The protagonist, in particular, is constantly dragged into the many conflicts relating to the theme in many situations throughout the novel. The situations associate Amir and Hassan, the antagonist, Assef, and the Hazaras. Firstly, one of theRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini1421 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Khaled Hosseini’s sophomore novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, shares a setting with his previous novel, the turmoil of the recent decades of Afghanistan s existence. However, despite similar themes, Hosseini once again manages to craft a story that is as engaging as it is poignant, as compassionate as it is critical, and as thoughtful as it is visceral. Summary: However, when Laila’s child is born, Aziza, and turns out to be a girl, Laila’s relationship with Rasheed deterioratesRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesof the baffling appeal of violence: proliferation of violence †¢ Music lyrics (Eminem â€Å"Kill you†), video games (Grand Theft Auto), movies (only one in five violent movies rated ‘R’). †¢ Reduced to nothing more than a few painfully ubiquitous themes 1e. Advertising General Stats: †¢ In 1880: Global advertising expenditure was $30million †¢ In 1910: $600million †¢ In 2000: $120billion †¢ By 2006, by the most conservative of estimates, $600billion †¢ Coca-Cola spent $234 millionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCreative Style Assessment 226 Scoring Key 226 Comparison Data 226 SKILL PRACTICE Applying Conceptual Blockbusting 227 Observer’s Feedback Form 227 Answer to Matchstick Problem in Figure 3.4 229 Answer to Shakespeare Riddle in Figure 3.5 229 Some Common Themes Applying to Water and Finance 229 Answer to Name That Ship Problem in Figure 3.6 230 Answer to Nine-Dot Problem in Figure 3.7 230 Answer to Embedded Pattern Problem in Figure 3.8 231 PART II 4 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Agenda Consultation

Question: Discuss about theConceptual Framework for Financial Reporting for Agenda Consultation. Answer: Introducing Major Issues in the New Standard The exposure draft selected is from the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board). The IASB published the exposure draft and opened it for public comment on 28 May 2015. The draft proposed amendments to the IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. It was a proposal results from various short-term projects under the Disclosure Initiative of the IASB. It followed the different respondents recommendations to the Agenda Consultation 2011 of the IASB. The IASB was asked to undertake a review of the disclosure requirements in the available IFRS to explore mechanisms through which it could enhance disclosures. Accordingly, ISAB commenced the Disclosure Initiative in 2013 under a package of various projects expected at improving the financial information disclosure. The draft also aimed at improving the financial reporting through the provision of a more complete, clearer as well as updated array of concepts usable by different groups including the IASB itself when developing IFRS a nd others to enable them to have a comprehensive understanding and application of such Standards (Carey, 2012). The IASB proposed a narrow-focus in the exposure draft that gave clarification of the amendments to the IAS 1 to deal with issues raised regarding the presentation as well as disclosure requirements thereby making sure that entities can utilize the judgment during the preparation of their financial statements (Nagy, 2011). The exposure draft became more completed compared to the available Conceptual Framework. The completeness was because it dealt with various areas which were either uncovered or not covered comprehensively in the then Conceptual Framework. Some of the additional issues incorporated in the exposure draft included measurement, the reporting entity, presentation and disclosure, de-recognition and financial performance covering the use of other comprehensive income. The exposure draft also clarified certain aspects of the available Conceptual Framework. The New Standard specified that the information required to meet the financial reporting objective by incorporating information which can be utilized to assist stewardship management of the resources of the entity. It also explicated the roles of the prudence as well as substance over the form in the financial reporting. The exposure draft also gave a clarification that high levels of measurement uncertainty could turn financial information irrelevant (Christensen, 2010). The exposure draft explained that significant decisions on, for instance, recognition as well as measurement, were driven by regarding the resulting information nature about both financial position and financial performance. The exposure further gave precise definitions of the liabilities alongside assets as well as comprehensive guidance in support of such definitions. The last section of the exposure draft entailed the updates to the sections of the then available Conceptual Framework which were already obsolete. The exposure draft notably clarified the role of probability in the assets and liabilities definitions. The comment letter deadline for the high exposure draft was set to end on 23 July 2014. Whether Consensus or Disagreement and Rationale ATT Response The comment letters selected for this exposure draft were drawn from various organizations including Eumedion, AAT, ACCA and Accounting and Financial Reporting Daimler Group (FAG). The AAT (ref: 15-086 (SC)) was submitted on 26 October 2015. The AAT comment letter was drafted by the Association of Accounting Technicians in response to the high exposure draft. AAT added their comment to increase the value to and highlighted elements that needed to be taken into consideration (Nagy, 2011). ATT mainly emphasized on the operational aspects exposure draft and gave an opinion on the practicalities of implementing the outlined measures. AAT supported the revision to the Conceptual Framework for based on various reasons anchored on page six of ED such as certain critical areas remained uncovered, the lack of clarity on guidance and obsoleteness in certain aspects of the existing framework. AAT also supported the revision stressing the importance role of the standard in the process of setting standards by helping the IASB to develop standards anchored on consistent concepts. The ATT also supported the modification citing that it provided the necessary guidance for the preparation of the financial statements not addressed by the IFRS based on transactions, conditions or event as well as where the accounting standards provide an option for accounting policy like IAS 16 Property, Plant, and Equipment. ATT also supported because the Exposure Draft helped both users and preparers to understand and interpret the standards. Daimler Response The Daimler focused on highlighting the issues that were uncovered by the IASB during the Exposure Draft (ED) preparation. The organization held a view that the business model or activities needed to play a key role throughout the Conceptual Framework rather merely being restricted to the unit of measurement, account, disclosure, and presentation. They suggested that individual business model needs to be entitled to varying accounting practices. They suggested that the new standards or key amendments needed to answer the question of whether the amendment or standard ensured useful information for every business model in scope. Daimler took issue with the definition of liabilities and assets (Marques, 2012). They agreed with the definition of an asset as a right but dissented that such a right has adequate potential to generate economic benefits in case there are purely remote conditions whereby such benefits will flow to the firm. In their view, Daimler held that solely circumstances that favor economic substance needed to be considered during the assessment of whether an item meets the asset definition (Nagy, 2011). They also opposed the proposed criterion for recognition suggesting that it could result in far more liabilities and an asset to be acknowledged in the financial statements. They held the dissenting view that such criterion did not necessarily improve relevance or faithful representation but rather headed for costly with no enhancement of information usefulness. They held that embracing such an approach could negatively affect the preparers during the development of accounting policies for circumstances whereby no extra standards apply. The Daimler supported the definition of the statement of profit or loss by the IASB with reservation demanding for a precise definition of the statement of the comprehensive income to favor a shared understanding of the OCI thus clarifying what income and expenses to be entailed in the OCI (Marques, 2012). They supported the presumptions that acknowledge expenses and income in profit or loss as well as the recycling of all expenses and income recognized in OCI to the profit or loss as entailed in the Exposure Draft. Nevertheless, they held the dissenting view that inconsistencies between existing standards and ED could result from such presumptions and urged the Board to give guidance on situations where such presumptions may be rebutted to improve understandability as well as decrease complexity. They agreed that the IASB was in the right direction with a reservation for more research without hurried implementation of the amendments as outlined in ED (Nandelstadh Rosenberg, 2013). ACCA by Fangwei Lin Fangwei solely focused on parts of the ED since he had not finished reading the entire document. He focused on chapter four (the elements of financial statements) mainly income and expenses to entail amounts produced by transactions alongside other events such as alterations in the carrying value of liabilities and assets. He agreed with the definition of expenses and income by alterations in them but reserved that such a definition indicated the all-inclusive concepts to understand expense and income where there lacks a difference between abnormal and normal business (den Hertog, 2010). He favored the comprehensive use of operating concept alongside all-inclusive concept and suggested that the qualitative features of useful information like comparability and relevance will improve where one distinguishes abnormal and normal operations to define expense and income. Like Daimler ACCA called for further research by ISAB into countries considering to adhere to IFRS to understand the rea l scenarios before developing IFRS. Eumedion Corporate Governance Forum by Rients Abma (Executive Director) The Eumedion supported the inclusion EDs proposal to provide priority to incorporate the significance of giving the information required within the financial reporting objective for assessment of stewardship management of the resources of the organization. They concurred that it is as significance to issue useful information to examine stewardship as to provide information for the assessment of the prospect for coming cash flows to a firm (Nagy, 2011). They believed in the definition of stewardship as a distinct primary goal would protect its role where standard formulation would be varying for both stated objectives hence the reason for further requirements of additional relevant information as currently needed to assess the prospect for future cash flows for efficient management of stewardship. The held that the Conceptual Framework required to entail additional guidance on the consideration of stewardship when amending the existing standards and developing new ones as well as inte rpretation. Public Interest, Private Interest, and Capture Theories Assumptions Relevant Comment Letters The theory of public interest assumes that economic markets remain extremely fragile with tendencies of inefficient operations and favor the concerns of an individual as they ignore societal importance (Kuan, 2015). Government interventions are, thus, useful to ensure effective direction and monitoring of the commercial markets (Black Christensen, 2009). This theory best explains all the comments letters since financial reporters only want to hoard information by operating inefficiently to give the imperfect public information so as to benefit at the expense of the society (Hanretty Koop, 2009). All the comments are supporting the need avail useful information and suggest the ED is an indication of a right direction and some like Daimler and ACCA have called for further research to ensure efficient IFRS that allow efficient economic market operation for the public rather than an individual entity (Black Christensen, 2009). Regulatory capture theory assumes that a regulator is in t urn dominated by the industries or entities it is supposed to regulate. However, I do not see any comment letters being premised on this assumption (Bowen, Davis Matsumoto, (2015)). Finally, the private interest theory holds that those who are engaged in government are attracted to similar motivation that those individuals in the private have, and they are hence motivated by a narrow self-interest concept, wealth, power, and fame (Entwistle, Feltham Mbagwu, 2011). All the four comments letters do not ascribe to this assumption and hence they can only be explained by the theory of public interest. References Black, D. E., Christensen, T. E. (2009). US managers' use of pro formaadjustments to meet strategic earnings targets. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 36(3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 4), 297-326. Bowen, R. M., Davis, A. K., Matsumoto, D. A. (2015). Emphasis on pro forma versus GAAP earnings in quarterly press releases: Determinants, SEC intervention, and market reactions. The Accounting Review, 80(4), 1011-1038. Brown, N. C., Christensen, T. E., Elliott, W. B., Mergenthaler, R. D. (2012). Investor sentiment and pro forma earnings disclosures. Journal of Accounting Research, 50(1), 1-40. Carey, J. L. (2012). The independence concept revisited. Research in Accounting Regulation, 20, 295-302. Christensen, J. G. (2010, June). Public interest regulation reconsidered: From capture to credible commitment. In Regulation at the Age of Crisis ECPR Regulatory Governance Standing Group, 3rd Biennial Conference, University College, Dublin. den Hertog, J. A. (2010). Review of economic theories of regulation. Discussion Paper Series/Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, 10(18). Entwistle, G. M., Feltham, G. D., Mbagwu, C. (2011). Financial reporting regulation and the reporting of pro forma earnings. Accounting Horizons, 20(1), Hanretty, C. J., Koop, C. (2009). Measuring Regulators' Statutory Independence. In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. Kuan, K. (2015). Why private interest theory should be used to evaluate the adequacy of the auditor independence requirements in CLERP 9. Marques, A. (2012). SEC interventions and the frequency and usefulness of non-GAAP financial measures. Review of Accounting Studies, 11(4), 549-574. Nagy, J. (2011). The Emergence of the Public Sector Expectations Gap. In International Conference-Accounting, Auditing Management in Public Sector Reforms, Zaragoza (Espagne), 79 September 2000, EIASM (pp. 459-475). Nandelstadh, A. V., Rosenberg, M. (2013). Corporate governance and firm performance: Evidence from Finland (Vol. 497). Working Paper Number.